It is a well-documented fact that, despite its disastrous environmental impact, landfilling remains by far the most popular end-of-life process for PET in most developing countries. There is a need to adopt systematic scientific-based approaches and frameworks to manage resources and their complexities. The management of natural resources forms the core of complex decision making related to sustainable production. The increasing competition for natural resources is underpinned by the interlinkages that exist between them, and the scarcity of natural resources emphasizes the need to develop systematic waste management techniques. Waste management is at the core of sustainable development and impacts environmental, economic, and social dimensions. For cost, the weight was higher using the AHP approach by approximately 12%, which reflects the preference of decision-makers to reduce costs of ventures. The large dispersion in the values of the photochemical oxidant potential causes it to have a higher weight in the COV approach. The weights of performance indicators obtained using the COV and AHP approaches were comparable, except for cost, photochemical oxidant potential, and human toxicity. Both approaches determined closed-loop recycling to be optimal for treating PET waste bottles. The treatment methods were compared and analyzed against twelve different performance criteria representing three pillars of sustainability: environmental, economic, and social. To the best of our knowledge, TOPSIS-COV has not yet been used for waste management. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the sustainability of eight different PET waste bottle treatment methods using a holistic multi-criteria decision-making approach that combined the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) with analytic hierarchy (AHP TOPSIS-AHP) and coefficient of variation (COV TOPSIS-COV) approaches.
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Unmanaged PET bottles in the environment lead to a series of negative effects on the health of humans and ecosystems. In 2018, the global annual consumption of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles was approximately 27.64 million tons, with one million bottles sold worldwide every minute.
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